Skipping breakfast is associated with adiposity markers especially when sleep time is adequate in adolescents.

Adolescence is a critical stage of development and has an important influence on energy balance-related behaviours (EBRBs). When adolescents are associated with obesity it can lead to increased cardiometabolic risk. Here we assess if EBRBs adopted by adolescents included in a subsample are associated with markers of total and abdominal adiposity in a multicentre European study, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA-CSS) and a Brazilian study, Brazilian Cardiovascular Adolescent Health (BRACAH study), and whether sleep duration influence the association between skipping breakfast, physical activity and sedentary behaviours, with total and abdominal obesity (AO). Multilevel linear regression models using fixed and random intercepts were used to analyse the association between markers of obesity and EBRBs. Skipping breakfast was the prevalent behaviour in association with obesity among European and Brazilian boys besides European girls, even after stratification by sleep time. Moreover, European boys who slept properly and skipped breakfast had an increased waist circumference (WC), while body mass index (BMI) increased in Brazilian boys. Among Brazilian boys less sleep was protective for total obesity (ß = -0.93 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.80; -0.07). European girls when they were more sedentary, showed an increase in WC, especially for those who reported they slept adequately. Skipping breakfast was associated with total and AO in adolescents independent of sleep duration.

Impact of methodological approaches in the agreement between subjective and objective methods for assessing screen time and sedentary behavior in pediatric population: a systematic review / Impacto de las decisiones metodológicas en la concordancia entre métodos subjetivos y objetivos para valorar el tiempo de comportamiento sedentario en la población pediátrica: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: sedentary behavior is an important target for health promotion. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide evidence to support decisions about measurement approach choices for subjectively assessing sedentary behavior in pediatric population, adopting objective methods as the reference. Methods: in this systematic review with meta-analysis, published studies were retrieved from electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, BioMed Central and SCOPUS. We considered studies evaluating sedentary behavior agreement through questionnaire and/or diary in comparison with an objective measure. A total of six inclusion criteria were used. We synthesized the data using correlation coefficients (r) as an indicator of agreement estimates. The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42014015138). Results: a total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria with ages ranging from 3 to 17.5 years and provided 17 agreement analyses. Thirteen of these agreement analyses (76.5%) reported correlation coefficients. We found two major groups of sedentary activities: screen time (47.1%) and sedentary behaviors (52.9%). The pooled agreement between questionnaires and accelerometers for assessing self-reported screen time was negative (r = -0.15; CI 95%: -0.17 to -0.13). Conversely, when the sedentary behavior was assessed by questionnaires and accelerometers, the pooled agreement was positive for parent-reporting (r = 0.09; CI 95%: 0.04 to 0.13) and self-reporting (r = 0.43; CI 95%: 0.40 to 0.47) in children and adolescents, respectively. Conclusion: questionnaires have positive agreement with accelerometers for assessing sedentary behavior, whereas the agreement is negative for assessing screen time. Self-reported questionnaires are recommended methods to measure sedentary behavior in adolescents

Introducción: el comportamiento sedentario es un objetivo importante para la promoción de la salud. En esta revisión sistemática, nuestro objetivo fue proporcionar evidencia para apoyar las decisiones sobre las opciones metodológicas acerca de los instrumentos para medición subjetiva del comportamiento sedentario en la población pediátrica, adoptando métodos objetivos como referencia. Métodos: en esta revisión sistemática con metaanálisis, fueron recuperados estudios publicados en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, BioMed Central y SCOPUS. Consideramos estudios que evalúan el acuerdo de comportamiento sedentario a través del cuestionario y/o diario en comparación con una medida objetiva. Se utilizaron un total de seis criterios de inclusión. Sintetizamos los datos utilizando coeficientes de correlación (r) como un indicador de las estimaciones de la concordancia. El protocolo de revisión está registrado en la base de datos PROSPERO (CRD42014015138). Resultados: un total de 14 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 17,5 años y proporcionaron 17 análisis de concordancia. Trece de estos análisis de concordancia (76,5%) informaron coeficientes de correlación. Encontramos dos grupos principales de actividades sedentarias: tiempo de pantalla (47,1%) y comportamiento sedentario (52,9%). La concordancia entre cuestionarios y acelerómetros para evaluar el tiempo de pantalla autorreportado fue negativa (r = -0,15; IC 95%: -0,17 a -0,13). Sin embargo, cuando se evaluó el comportamiento sedentario mediante cuestionarios y acelerómetros, el acuerdo fue positivo para el reporte de los padres (r = 0,09; IC 95%: 0,04 a 0,13) y el reporte (r = 0,43; IC 95%: 0,40 a 0.47) de niños y adolescentes, respectivamente. Conclusión: los cuestionarios tienen un acuerdo positivo con los acelerómetros para evaluar el comportamiento sedentario, mientras que el acuerdo es negativo para evaluar el tiempo de pantalla. Los cuestionarios autorreportados son métodos recomendados para medir el comportamiento sedentario en adolescentes

Impact of methodological approaches in the agreement between subjective and objective methods for assessing screen time and sedentary behavior in pediatric population: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: sedentary behavior is an important target for health promotion. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide evidence to support decisions about measurement approach choices for subjectively assessing sedentary behavior in pediatric population, adopting objective methods as the reference. Methods: in this systematic review with meta-analysis, published studies were retrieved from electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, BioMed Central and SCOPUS. We considered studies evaluating sedentary behavior agreement through questionnaire and/or diary in comparison with an objective measure. A total of six inclusion criteria were used. We synthesized the data using correlation coefficients (r) as an indicator of agreement estimates. The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42014015138). Results: a total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria with ages ranging from 3 to 17.5 years and provided 17 agreement analyses. Thirteen of these agreement analyses (76.5%) reported correlation coefficients. We found two major groups of sedentary activities: screen time (47.1%) and sedentary behaviors (52.9%). The pooled agreement between questionnaires and accelerometers for assessing self-reported screen time was negative (r = -0.15; CI 95%: -0.17 to -0.13). Conversely, when the sedentary behavior was assessed by questionnaires and accelerometers, the pooled agreement was positive for parent-reporting (r = 0.09; CI 95%: 0.04 to 0.13) and self-reporting (r = 0.43; CI 95%: 0.40 to 0.47) in children and adolescents, respectively. Conclusion: questionnaires have positive agreement with accelerometers for assessing sedentary behavior, whereas the agreement is negative for assessing screen time. Self-reported questionnaires are recommended methods to measure sedentary behavior in adolescents.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el comportamiento sedentario es un objetivo importante para la promoción de la salud. En esta revisión sistemática, nuestro objetivo fue proporcionar evidencia para apoyar las decisiones sobre las opciones metodológicas acerca de los instrumentos para medición subjetiva del comportamiento sedentario en la población pediátrica, adoptando métodos objetivos como referencia. Métodos: en esta revisión sistemática con metaanálisis, fueron recuperados estudios publicados en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, BioMed Central y SCOPUS. Consideramos estudios que evalúan el acuerdo de comportamiento sedentario a través del cuestionario y/o diario en comparación con una medida objetiva. Se utilizaron un total de seis criterios de inclusión. Sintetizamos los datos utilizando coeficientes de correlación (r) como un indicador de las estimaciones de la concordancia. El protocolo de revisión está registrado en la base de datos PROSPERO (CRD42014015138). Resultados: un total de 14 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 17,5 años y proporcionaron 17 análisis de concordancia. Trece de estos análisis de concordancia (76,5%) informaron coeficientes de correlación. Encontramos dos grupos principales de actividades sedentarias: tiempo de pantalla (47,1%) y comportamiento sedentario (52,9%). La concordancia entre cuestionarios y acelerómetros para evaluar el tiempo de pantalla autorreportado fue negativa (r = -0,15; IC 95%: -0,17 a -0,13). Sin embargo, cuando se evaluó el comportamiento sedentario mediante cuestionarios y acelerómetros, el acuerdo fue positivo para el reporte de los padres (r = 0,09; IC 95%: 0,04 a 0,13) y el reporte (r = 0,43; IC 95%: 0,40 a 0.47) de niños y adolescentes, respectivamente. Conclusión: los cuestionarios tienen un acuerdo positivo con los acelerómetros para evaluar el comportamiento sedentario, mientras que el acuerdo es negativo para evaluar el tiempo de pantalla. Los cuestionarios autorreportados son métodos recomendados para medir el comportamiento sedentario en adolescentes.

Abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents, are we aware of their relevance?

Obesity prevalence has increased worldwide over the last decades and has reached alarming rates in low middle-income countries. Childhood has been affected by this epidemic, leading to premature dramatic health problems. Adipose tissue is currently considered as an endocrine organ modulating an inflammatory state and important metabolic processes (insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance) leading to consequences of the cardiovascular system. This situation may be worst if the excess of body fat distribution such as abdominal obesity (AO) is involved because it is associated with a more atherogenic risk profile determining the cardiometabolic risks mainly in children and adolescents. Hence, the knowledge regarding the association between AO and cardiometabolic factors aims to prevent and treat the obesity in this young population, avoiding early harmful consequences of adulthood health.

The worldwide prevalence of insufficient physical activity in adolescents; a systematic review / La prevalencia mundial de falta de actividad física en adolescentes; una revisión sistemática

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of crosssectional studies on the prevalence of insufficient physical activity (IPA) based on a WHO-defined cutoff point (< 60 min/d of moderate and vigorous physical activity).METHODS: The search was carried out using online databases (BioMed Central, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycInfo, PubMed MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus), and included articles published from the beginning of the databases until February18th, 2012, as well as references cited by the retrieved articles and information provided by the authors. Only original articles using questionnaires in the diagnosis were considered. RESULTS: Of 2,384 papers initially retrieved, fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which seven were conducted in Brazil. The prevalence of IPA varied from 18.7% to 90.6%, with a median of 79.7%. In all surveys, the prevalence was higher among girls than boys and the developing countries have higher prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the prevalence of IPA is high among adolescents and that the definition adopted in this study is rarely used in the literature. These results suggesting that is necessary the development of interventions for increasing physical activity levels among adolescents (AU)

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios transversales sobre la prevalencia de actividad física insuficiente (IPA) sobre la de base a un punto de corte definido por la OMS (< 60 min/d de actividad física moderada y vigorosa). Métodos: La búsqueda se llevó a cabo utilizando bases de datos en línea (BioMed Central, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycInfo, Medline PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus), e incluyó artículos publicados desde el inicio de las bases de datos hasta 18 de febrero de 2012, así como las referencias citadas por los artículos recuperados y la información proporcionada por los autores. Sólo artículos originales que evaluaban el nivel de actividad física mediante cuestionarios fueron considerados. Resultados: De los 2.384 artículos recuperados inicialmente, quince estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales siete fueron llevados a cabo en Brasil. La prevalencia de la IPA varió de 18,7% a 90,6%, con una mediana de 79,7%. En todas las encuestas, la prevalencia fue mayor en las niñas que en los niños y y los países en desarrollo presentaron una mayor prevalencia. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la prevalencia de la IPA es alta entre los adolescentes y que la definición adoptada en este estudio se utiliza raramente en la literatura. Estos resultados sugieren que es necesario el desarrollo de intervenciones para aumentar los niveles de actividad física entre los adolescentes (AU)

Lifestyle factors and socioeconomic variables associated with abdominal obesity in Brazilian adolescents.

UNLABELLED: Lifestyle variables have a key role in the development of abdominal obesity (AO). The objective of this study was to identify lifestyle factors and socioeconomic variables associated with AO in adolescents. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study carried out a school-based survey in the Brazilian city of Maringá in Paraná. The representative sample was of 991 adolescents (54.5% girls) from both public and private high schools selected through multi-stage random sampling. AO was classified according to waist circumference value. The independent variables studied were: gender, age, socioeconomic level, parental and household characteristics, smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and nutrition-related habits. Poisson regression was used with robust variance adjustment to analyse the associations. The analysis was stratified by sexes. The prevalence of AO was 32.7% (girls = 36.3%, boys = 28.4%). In girls, excessive intake of fried foods was inversely associated with AO and excessive consumption of soda was positively associated. In boys, the results demonstrated a negative association with excessive consumption of sweets and soda. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the prevalence of AO among adolescents was higher in both sexes. AO is associated with different eating habits in females and males and these relationships are mediated by familial contexts.

Aptidão física funcional de idosos praticantes de hidroginástica / Functional fitness of ederly practicing aquagym

O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a aptidão física funcional de idosos praticantes de hidroginástica. A amostra foi constituída por 18 mulheres idosas, com idade média de 65,5±5,84 praticantes das aulas de hidroginástica do Centro de Excelência em Atividade Física - CEAF. A aptidão física foi avaliada através da bateria de testes de Rikli e Jones (1999), adaptados por Morrow Jr. (2003), com avaliação de força de membros inferiores, força de membros superiores, flexibilidade dos membros inferiores, mobilidade física (potência, velocidade, agilidade e equilíbrio), flexibilidade dos membros superiores, resistência aeróbia e índice de massa corporal. Os resultados demonstram que os avaliados atingiram bons níveis de aptidão física nos testes de força de membros superior, flexibilidade de membros inferiores e mobilidade física. Já nos testes de força de membro inferior, capacidade aeróbia e flexibilidade de membros superiores, os níveis de aptidão física foram baixos. Sessenta e cinco por cento da amostra apresentaram excesso de peso e obtiveram resultados inferiores na maioria dos testes de aptidão física funcional. Conclui-se que os idosos praticantes de aulas de hidroginástica não apresentaram boa aptidão física funcional geral, principalmente nos níveis de força muscular de membro inferior, desempenho cardiorrespiratório e flexibilidade. Faz-se necessário reavaliar as aulas de hidroginástica, com o objetivo de aumentar gradualmente seu volume e intensidade, para alcançar melhora progressiva das capacidades físicas funcionais da população idosa.

Socioeconomic status as determinant of risk factors for overweight in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze risk factors for overweight among adolescents grouped in three different socioeconomic levels. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1779 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years, grouped according to socioeconomic status (low, middle, and high). Parents reported their own anthropometric data and the adolescents had their anthropometric data taken by trained researchers, and completed three questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 16.7%, 23.8%, and 26.3% in low, middle and high socioeconomic status, respectively (P= 0.001). In all socioeconomic status, parent's overweight was associated with adolescent overweight (all P< 0.05). The students in both high (PR= 1.90) and middle socioeconomic status (PR= 2.00) from private schools were associated with overweight, and the students from low socioeconomic level to sedentary behavior (PR= 2.25) and high ingestion of fried food (PR= 2.35). CONCLUSION: In each socioeconomic status the overweight was associated with different risk factors in different ways, except for parents overweight.

Socioeconomic status as determinant of risk factors for overweight in adolescents / Status socioeconômico como determinante de fatores de risco associados com o sobrepeso em adolescentes

OBJECTIVES: To analyze risk factors for overweight among adolescents grouped in three different socioeconomic levels. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1779 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years, grouped according to socioeconomic status (low, middle, and high). Parents reported their own anthropometric data and the adolescents had their anthropometric data taken by trained researchers, and completed three questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 16.7 percent, 23.8 percent, and 26.3 percent in low, middle and high socioeconomic status, respectively (P= 0.001). In all socioeconomic status, parent's overweight was associated with adolescent overweight (all P< 0.05). The students in both high (PR= 1.90) and middle socioeconomic status (PR= 2.00) from private schools were associated with overweight, and the students from low socioeconomic level to sedentary behavior (PR= 2.25) and high ingestion of fried food (PR= 2.35). CONCLUSION: In each socioeconomic status the overweight was associated with different risk factors in different ways, except for parents overweight.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores de risco para o sobrepeso entre adolescentes agrupados em três níveis econômicos diferentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que incluiu 1779 adolescentes com idade de 11-17 anos, agrupados de acordo com a condição econômica (baixo, médio e alto). Os pais reportaram seus próprios dados antropométricos e os adolescentes tiveram seus dados antropométricos aferidos por avaliadores treinados, e também responderam a três questionários. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 16.7 por cento, 23.8 por cento e 26.3 por cento nas classes econonômicas baixa, média e alta, respectivamente (P=0.001). Em todas as condições econômicas, o sobrepeso dos pais foi associado com o sobrepeso dos filhos (P<0.05). Os estudantes de classes econômicas média e alta (RP=2.00) de escolas privadas foram associados com o sobrepeso, e estudantes de baixo nível sócio-econômico com comportamento sedentário (RP = 2,25) e alta ingestão de frituras (PR = 2.35). CONCLUSÃO: Em cada nível socioeconômico o sobrepeso é associado com diferentes fatores de risco de diferente formas, exceto para pais com sobrepeso.

Factors associated with medicine use and self medication are different in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of medicine use among high school students (14-18 years old) living in an urban area in Southern Brazil and the proportion who self-medicate and to explore the association between medicine use and demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. METHODS: A school-based survey was conducted among high school students in the city of Maringá/PR, Brazil in 2007. The sample students were selected through two-stage random sampling. The sample included 991 students (54.5% females) from eight public and four private high schools. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Only medications used within the 15 days preceding data collection were considered. The independent variables studied were sex, age, socioeconomic status, living with parents, employment status, smoking habits, and alcohol use. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use among the adolescents was 55.8% (females = 64.3%, males = 45.7%, p<0.001) and 52.6% of this use represented self medication (females = 51.0%, males = 56.8, p = 0.21). The factors associated with medicine use were age, employment, and smoking, while the factors associated with self medication were male gender and employment. Chronic users did not tend to self-medicate. CONCLUSION: The data from this study demonstrate a high prevalence of medicine use and self medication; however, the variables associated with medicine use and self medication differed. Urgent strategies to promote the rational use of drugs in this population and their families are necessary.

Factors associated with medicine use and self medication are different in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of medicine use among high school students (14-18 years old) living in an urban area in Southern Brazil and the proportion who self-medicate and to explore the association between medicine use and demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. METHODS: A school-based survey was conducted among high school students in the city of Maringa/PR, Brazil in 2007. The sample students were selected through two-stage random sampling. The sample included 991 students (54.5 percent females) from eight public and four private high schools. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Only medications used within the 15 days preceding data collection were considered. The independent variables studied were sex, age, socioeconomic status, living with parents, employment status, smoking habits, and alcohol use. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use among the adolescents was 55.8 percent (females = 64.3 percent, males = 45.7 percent, p<0.001) and 52.6 percent of this use represented self medication (females = 51.0 percent, males = 56.8, p = 0.21). The factors associated with medicine use were age, employment, and smoking, while the factors associated with self medication were male gender and employment. Chronic users did not tend to self-medicate. CONCLUSION: The data from this study demonstrate a high prevalence of medicine use and self medication; however, the variables associated with medicine use and self medication differed. Urgent strategies to promote the rational use of drugs in this population and their families are necessary.

[Prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors in adolescents]. / Prevalência de inatividade física e fatores associados em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents (14-18 years) in the city of Maringá/PR and to explore its association with demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral, indicators of nutritional status variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 991 adolescents (54.5% girls) from both public and private high schools selected through multi stage random sampling. The level of habitual physical activity was verified through the IPAQ modified for adolescents, using the last week as a reference period. Physical inactivity was defined as <300 min/wk of moderate and vigorous physical activity. The independent variables studied were: gender, age, type of high school, socioeconomic level, smoking, sedentary behavior (> 4 h/d), nutritional status and abdominal obesity. RESULTS: Prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents was 56.9% (girls = 57.9%, boys = 55.7%, p =. 046). The risk factors associated with physical inactivity were belonging to the lower socioeconomic level, studying at public schools and being obese. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of physical inactivity in the study. It is urgently necessary to develop strategies aimed at increasing physical activity, which can be achieved by development of an educational content that promotes healthy life styles.

[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents: a systematic review]. / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática.

The present study aimed to review the literature on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in adolescents (10-19 years old). The search was conducted in online databases (MEDLINE and SciELO), references from retrieved articles, and contacts with authors. Only original articles using either the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) or the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III) were considered. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies were undertaken in low to medium-income countries, but none of them in Brazil. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in studies using the NCEP-ATP III criteria ranged from 4.2% to 15.4%. Prevalence in studies using the WHO criteria was slightly higher: 4.5% to 38.7%. High triglyceride level was the most frequent component of the metabolic syndrome, with prevalence ranging from 4.9% to 75.0%, while high blood glucose showed the lowest prevalence. In conclusion, although there are few available studies, metabolic syndrome in adolescents is a highly prevalent health issue. The exact prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents is unknown.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática: [revisão] / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents: a systematic review: [review]

O objetivo do estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e seus componentes em adolescentes (10-19 anos). Realizou-se busca nas bases eletrônicas MEDLINE e SciELO, referências dos artigos encontrados e contato com autores. Apenas artigos originais que utilizaram os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) ou do National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) foram considerados. Dezesseis estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Destes, oito estudos foram realizados em países de renda baixa ou média, mas nenhum no Brasil. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica entre os estudos que utilizaram o critério da NCEP-ATP III variou de 4,2 por cento a 15,4 por cento. Utilizando-se o critério da OMS, as prevalências foram mais elevadas: 4,5 por cento a 38,7 por cento. Dentre os componentes da síndrome, o triglicéride elevado apresentou maior prevalência, com valores entre 4,9 por cento a 75 por cento, e a glicose elevada apresentou as menores prevalências. Conclui-se que, apesar do baixo número de estudos localizados, a ocorrência da síndrome metabólica entre adolescentes é um problema de saúde com alta prevalência. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica em adolescentes brasileiros é desconhecida.

The present study aimed to review the literature on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in adolescents (10-19 years old). The search was conducted in online databases (MEDLINE and SciELO), references from retrieved articles, and contacts with authors. Only original articles using either the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) or the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III) were considered. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies were undertaken in low to medium-income countries, but none of them in Brazil. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in studies using the NCEP-ATP III criteria ranged from 4.2 percent to 15.4 percent. Prevalence in studies using the WHO criteria was slightly higher: 4.5 percent to 38.7 percent. High triglyceride level was the most frequent component of the metabolic syndrome, with prevalence ranging from 4.9 percent to 75.0 percent, while high blood glucose showed the lowest prevalence. In conclusion, although there are few available studies, metabolic syndrome in adolescents is a highly prevalent health issue. The exact prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents is unknown.

Prevalência de inatividade física e fatores associados em adolescentes / Prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de inatividade física em adolescentes (14 a 18 anos) da cidade de Maringá/PR e explorar sua associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamental e indicadores de estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com uma amostra representativa de escolares do ensino médio da cidade incluindo 991 (54,5 por cento moças) de 12 colégios públicos e privados selecionados por meio de amostragem em múltiplos estágios. O nível de atividade física habitual foi verificado por meio do IPAQ modificado para adolescentes, usando como referência a última semana. A inatividade física foi definida <300 min/semana de atividades físicas moderadas e vigorosas. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram: sexo, idade, tipo de escola, nível econômico, tabagismo, comportamento sedentário (>4 h/dia), estado nutricional e obesidade abdominal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de inatividade física em adolescentes foi de 56,9 por cento (moças= 57,9 por cento, rapazes= 55,7 por cento, p=0,46). Os fatores de risco associados à inatividade física foram pertencer ao nível socioeconômico mais baixo, estudar em escolas públicas e ser obeso. CONCLUSÃO: Encontramos uma alta prevalência de inatividade física no estudo. Faz-se urgentemente necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias, que visem o aumento da atividade física, o que pode ser obtido por meio de desenvolvimento de conteúdos escolares que promovam estilos de vida saudável.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents (14-18 years) in the city of Maringá/PR and to explore its association with demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral, indicators of nutritional status variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 991 adolescents (54.5 percent girls) from both public and private high schools selected through multi stage random sampling. The level of habitual physical activity was verified through the IPAQ modified for adolescents, using the last week as a reference period. Physical inactivity was defined as <300 min/wk of moderate and vigorous physical activity. The independent variables studied were: gender, age, type of high school, socioeconomic level, smoking, sedentary behavior (> 4 h/d), nutritional status and abdominal obesity. RESULTS: Prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents was 56.9 percent (girls = 57.9 percent, boys = 55.7 percent, p =. 046). The risk factors associated with physical inactivity were belonging to the lower socioeconomic level, studying at public schools and being obese. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of physical inactivity in the study. It is urgently necessary to develop strategies aimed at increasing physical activity, which can be achieved by development of an educational content that promotes healthy life styles.

Relação entre ciclo menstrual e planejamento dos treinos: um estudo de caso / The relation between the menstrual cycle and training schedule: a case study

Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo verificar a relação do treinamento de tênis de campo com o ciclo menstrual em uma atleta com 17 anos de idade. O período de treinamento foi de 16 semanas. As avaliações motoras foram realizadas em dois momentos, no período de ovulação do ciclo menstrual da atleta investigada. Foram analisadas as capacidades motoras específicas ao tênis de campo: velocidade, potência muscular de membros superiores, potência muscular de membros inferiores e agilidade. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que houve melhora considerável em todas as variáveis. Sendo assim, sugere-se que um planejamento orientado, baseado no princípio da individualidade, poderá orientar cargas de treinos, buscando melhores resultados, entretanto são necessárias monitorações, em diferentes períodos do ciclo menstrual com uma população maior, na busca de respostas por demais fatores relacionados com a menstruação e exercício.

This case study had as objective to verify the relation between tennis training and the menstrual cycle of a 17-year-old athlete. The training period lasted 16 weeks. Performance tests were carried out in two instances during the ovulation period of the menstrual cycle of the investigated athlete. Motor skills specific to tennis were analyzed: speed, arm muscle strength, leg muscle strength and agility. The results demonstrated a considerable improvement in all variables. Therefore, it is suggested that a guided plan, based of the principle of individuality, will be able to guide training loads and seek better results. However, monitoring is necessary in the different periods of the menstrual cycle, using a larger population sample, in the search for answers to other factors related to menstruation and exercise.